Prostitutes Tokar,

HIV Testing and Counseling Among Female Sex Workers: A Systematic Literature Review

As was suggested by van Veen et al. HIV infection among female sex workers in concentrated and high prevalence epidemics: why a structural determinants framework is needed.

Batona et al. Prostitutes Tokar et al. Bengtson et al. Burke Prostitutes Tokar al. Chanda et al. Chiao et al. Dandona et al. Deering et al. Dugas et al. Grayman et al. Hong et al. King et al. Johnston et al. Ngo et al. Nhurod et al.

Park et al. Parriault et al. Sayarifard et al.

Comparing the situation of Jews in the USSR and America, Tokar ' referred to were being used as prostitutes in the [ hinterland ] of the Soviet Union. Telephones of Hookers Tokar. Prostitutes Tokar. The tokar is the traditional clothing of the aristocrats and wealthy citizens of the.

Scorgie et al. Shokoohi et al. Simonovikj et al. Todd et al. Tran et al. Wang et al. Wanyenze et al. Wilson et al. Xun et al. Xu et al. Micro-level Factors Socio Demographic Characteristics Sixteen articles focused on socio-demographic characteristics. Risk Behaviors Seven studies reported nearly inconsistent patterns on how regular condom use influenced HIV testing.

Risk Awareness Prostitutes Tokar reviewed Prostitutes Tokar articles that focused Prostitutes Tokar individual perceptions towards HIV risks [ 192023263133 — 353941454750 ]. Meso-level Factors Sex Work Venue Of the six articles that addressed sex work venues [ 1825 Prostitutes Tokar, 31414550 ], most reported that working indoors and at high-income venues generating higher income impelled HIV testing.

Time and Transport Costs Eleven articles reported that time and transport costs hampered access to healthcare [ 243134363741434749 — 52 ]. Healthcare Funding Eleven articles reported how limited Prostitutes Tokar funding decreased HIV testing [ 192024Prostitutes Tokar3236414850 — 52 ].

Criminalization Prostitutes Tokar studies reported how current criminalized approaches to sex work and drug use inhibited FSWs from accessing healthcare [ 2425273234515254 ]. Annex 3: Quality Assessment The quality of the Prostitutes Tokar papers Table 1 was assessed using the guide for critically appraising qualitative research [ 15 ]. Table 2 Quality assessment of the 36 studies. Study reference Study design Summary score for quality assessment Qualitative methods Spencer et al.

Yes Abstract Structured Prostitutes Tokar 2 Provide Prostitutes Tokar structured summary including, as applicable: background; objectives; data sources; study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions; study appraisal and synthesis methods; results; limitations; conclusions and implications of key findings; systematic Prostitutes Tokar registration number.

Yes Introduction Rationale 3 Describe the rationale Prostitutes Tokar the review in the context of what is already known. Yes Objectives 4 Provide an explicit statement of questions being addressed with reference to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design PICOS. Not applicable Methods Protocol and registration Prostitutes Tokar Indicate if a review protocol exists, if and where it can be accessed e.

Not Prostitutes Tokar Eligibility criteria 6 Specify study characteristics e. Yes Information sources 7 Describe all information sources e. Yes Search 8 Present full electronic search strategy for at least one database, including any limits used, such that it could be repeated. Yes Fig. Yes Risk of bias in individual studies 12 Describe methods used Prostitutes Tokar assessing risk of bias of individual studies including specification of whether this was done at the study or outcome leveland how this information is to be used in any data synthesis.

Not available Summary measures 13 State the principal summary measures e. Yes Synthesis of results 14 Describe the methods of handling data and combining results of studies, if done, including measures of consistency e.

Not applicable Risk of bias across studies 15 Specify any assessment of risk of bias that may affect the cumulative evidence e. Yes Additional analyses 16 Describe methods of additional analyses e. Not available Results Study selection 17 Give numbers of studies screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the review, with reasons for exclusions Prostitutes Tokar each stage, ideally with a flow diagram. Yes Table 1 Risk of Prostitutes Tokar within studies 19 Present data on risk of bias of each study and, if available, any outcome level assessment see item Not available Results of individual studies 20 For all outcomes considered benefits or harmspresent, for each study: a simple summary data for each intervention group b effect estimates and confidence intervals, ideally with a forest plot.

Not applicable Synthesis of results 21 Present results of each meta-analysis done, including confidence intervals and measures of consistency. Not applicable Risk of bias across studies 22 Present results of any assessment of risk of bias across studies see Item Yes Additional analysis 23 Prostitutes Tokar results of additional analyses, if done e. Not available Discussion Summary Prostitutes Tokar evidence 24 Prostitutes Tokar the main findings including the strength of evidence for each main outcome; consider their relevance to key groups e.

Yes Table 1 Limitations 25 Discuss limitations at study and outcome level e. Yes Conclusions 26 Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence, and implications for future research. Yes Funding Funding 27 Describe sources of funding for the systematic review and other support e. Not available. Notes Conflict of interest Author AT declares that she has no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval This Prostitutes Tokar does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

References 1. The Gap report. July, Geneva, Switzerlan. Phase specific approaches to the epidemiology and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Infect. Systematic Prostitutes Tokar examining differences in HIV, sexually transmitted Prostitutes Tokar and health-related harms between migrant and non-migrant female sex workers. Factors mediating HIV risk among female sex workers in Europe: a systematic review and ecological analysis. BMJ Open.

Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. Effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers in resource poor setting: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. Wariki W. Epidemic impacts of a community empowerment intervention for HIV prevention among female sex workers in generalized Prostitutes Tokar concentrated epidemics.

Community empowerment among female sex workers is an effective HIV prevention intervention: a systematic review of the peer-reviewed evidence from low- and Prostitutes Tokar countries. Suthar AB, et al. Towards universal voluntary HIV testing and counselling: a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based approaches.

PLoS Med. Deblonde J. Spencer L. Downs HS, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies Prostitutes Tokar health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. Prostitutes Tokar MC, et al. HIV-testing among female sex workers on the border between Brazil and French Guiana: the need for targeted interventions.

Cadernos de Saude Publica. Dandona R, et al. Wang Y, et al. Reported willingness and associated factors Prostitutes Tokar to utilization of voluntary counseling and Prostitutes Tokar services by female sex workers in Shandong Province, China.

Biomed Environ Sci. Wilson DP, et al. Sex workers can Prostitutes Tokar screened too often: a Prostitutes Tokar analysis Prostitutes Tokar Victoria, Australia. Emergent properties and structural patterns in sexually transmitted infection and HIV research. Xu J, et al. Sex Trans Dis. King EJ, Maman S. Structural barriers to receiving health care services Prostitutes Tokar female sex workers in Russia.

Qual Health Res. Deering KN, et al. Successes and gaps in uptake of regular, voluntary HIV testing for hidden street- and off-street sex workers in Vancouver, Canada. AIDS Care. Aho J, et al. High acceptability of HIV voluntary counselling and testing among female sex workers: impact of individual and social Prostitutes Tokar.

HIV Med. Bengtson AM, et al. Batona Prostitutes Tokar, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Dugas M, et al. Outreach strategies for Prostitutes Tokar promotion of HIV testing and care: Prostitutes Tokar the gap between health services and female sex workers in Benin. Grayman JH, et al. Factors associated with HIV testing, condom use, and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Nha Trang, Vietnam.

Hong Y, et al. HIV testing behaviors among female sex workers in Southwest China. Todd CS, et al. Tran BX, et al. HIV voluntary testing and perceived risk among female sex workers in the Mekong Delta Prostitutes Tokar of Vietnam. Glob Health Action. King EJ, et al. Motivators and barriers to HIV testing among street-based female sex workers in St. Petersburg, Russia. Global Public Health. Shokoohi M, et al. Frequency of performing HIV test and reasons of not-testing among female sex workers.

Am J Epidemiol. Deering K, et al. Mapping spatial barriers and facilitators to HIV testing by work environments among sex workers in Vancouver, Canada. Park M, Yi H. Remaining gap Prostitutes Tokar HIV testing uptake among female sex workers in Iran. Johnston GL, et al. Associations of HIV testing, sexual risk and access to prevention among female sex workers in the dominican republic.

Xun H, et al. Prostitutes Tokar associated with willingness to accept oral fluid HIV Prostitutes Tokar testing among most-at-risk populations in China. Nhurod P, et al. Environmental support and HIV prevention behaviors among female sex workers in China. Sex Transm Dis. Chiao C, et al. Promoting HIV testing and condom use among filipina commercial sex workers: findings from a quasi-experimental intervention study.

Ameyan W, et al. Attracting female sex workers to HIV testing and counselling in Ethiopia: a qualitative study with sex workers in Addis Ababa. Beattie TS, et al. Personal, interpersonal and structural challenges to accessing HIV testing, treatment Prostitutes Tokar care services among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders in Karnataka state, South Prostitutes Tokar.

J Epidemiol Commun Health. Chanda MM, et al. Barriers and facilitators to HIV testing among Zambian female sex workers in three transit hubs.

Ngo AD, et al. Health-seeking behaviour for sexually transmitted infections and HIV testing among female sex workers in Vietnam. Wanyenze RK, et al. Scorgie F, et al. Culture Health Sex. Simonovikj SH, Prostitutes Tokar M. Burke VM, et al. HIV self-testing values and preferences among sex workers, fishermen, and mainland community members in Rakai, Uganda: a qualitative study.

HIV infection among female sex workers in concentrated and high prevalence epidemics: why a structural determinants framework is needed. Shannon K. Lancet HIV and sex workers Series, Barriers and facilitators to HIV testing in migrants in high-income countries: a systematic review.

HIV testing and counselling Prostitutes Tokar migrant populations living in high-income countries: a systematic review. Eur J Pub Health. Owens GM. Gender differences in health care expenditures, resource utilization, and Prostitutes Tokar of care. J Manag Care Phar. World Prostitutes Tokar Organization, W. Barrington C, Kerrigan D. Debe Prostitutes Tokar en la calle: Normative influences on condom use among the steady male partners of female sex workers Prostitutes Tokar the Dominican Republic.

Cult Health Sex. Condom use Prostitutes Tokar non-commercial partnerships of female sex workers in southern India. BMC Public Health. Kerrigana D, Ellenb M.

Environmental-structural factors significantly associated with consistent condom use among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic. Prostitutes Tokar, Countries and Their Prostitution Policies.

A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination from to how far have we come?

Grossman I. Ever tested Older age of SW initiation Aboriginal ancestry Inconsistent condom use with clients Injecting drugs Contact with nursing program. Ever tested: Willing to pay 4. More than 9 years of schooling Less than 5 clients per week Having a regular SP Drug use Pelvic pain during last 12 months Higher perceived risk.

Involvement Prostitutes Tokar brothel owners Involvement of media Media.

Prostitutes Tokar low quality of public HC services Social marginalization. Social support Perceived better conditions in private clinics.

Less perceived discrimination at private clinics Free treatment Abortion, giving birth or rehabilitation centre for drug addicts. Higher time costs Money needed to travel to collect test result check.

Prostitutes Tokar, Telephones of Hookers in Tokar (SD)

Forced testing without consent Denial of testing Illegal SW. Compulsory testing during police Prostitutes Tokar Illegal SW Fees for testing and treatment. Fear of being quarantined Higher medical cost Mistrust in governmental free services.

Fear of stigma and discrimination Unwelcoming attitude of HC workers and discrimination Stigmatization by fellow sex workers, families and the community Unfavourable opening hours of health facility The pace at which HIV services are delivered. Qualitative methods Spencer et al. Quantitative methods Prostitutes Tokar Downs and Black [ 16 ]. Mixed methods modified Downs and Black [ 16 ]. Identify the report as a systematic review, meta-analysis, Prostitutes Tokar both.

Provide a structured summary including, as applicable: background; objectives; data sources; study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions; study appraisal and synthesis methods; results; limitations; conclusions and implications of key findings; systematic review registration number.

Describe the rationale for the review Prostitutes Tokar the context of what is already known. Provide an explicit statement of questions being addressed with reference to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study Prostitutes Tokar PICOS. Indicate if a review protocol exists, if and where Prostitutes Tokar can be accessed e. Specify study characteristics e. Female sex workers also used online communication online forum to report cases of abuse or violence.

For example, Prostitutes Tokar someone was robbed by a client or an escort agency did not provide the agreed level of support, women would report this situation, including a photo or contact details or screen prints of the online conversations. For example, five women on the online Prostitutes Tokar reported that the owner of an escort agency did not provide support to a woman who was caught by Prostitutes Tokar Dutch police and then deported from the Netherlands.

It was also mentioned that he blackmailed a woman as she started to work on her own. This opened public debates between the owner and the women on the online forum, with supporters on both sides. Peers also use this channel to provide some information about symptoms of STIs, how to prevent STIs, where to go to a doctor when travelling or how to self-medicate. Moreover, it was clear that most women who enter sex work for the first time seek help of third parties in arranging travel visas, housing, and advertising.

For example, two sex workers reported that they were assisted by a female friend, who was already as a sex worker. All other women interviewed reported being engaged through a Prostitutes Tokar or owner of an escort agency.

Also, we saw that with time women became more familiar with the local police and Prostitutes Tokar things work on the ground.

Prostitutes Tokar command of Dutch improves, so they are willing to maximize their independence as well as earnings, and consequently, some decide to work on their own. Female sex workers and a third-party work closely together, but usually the owner of an escort agency would have full information about a woman, including her ID, home address, nude photos and sometimes a video, while a woman would have nothing except a mobile phone, fake name and a bank account.

It was easier to build trusting relationships with female Prostitutes Tokar workers working at venues than with women working online. One social nurse reported that it takes several visits to a club for women to get Prostitutes Tokar to her. Language is also an important factor for building relationships of trust with healthcare providers or social workers.

All female sex workers interviewed identified the ability to speak in their mother tongue as one of the reasons why they preferred to use health services Prostitutes Tokar their home country. Prostitutes Tokar try to test every six months. I travel to Ukraine every six months and I try to go to my doctor. At leastno Prostitutes Tokar else.

And in our country they understand our language…it is Prostitutes Tokar. Moreover, one woman reported that the absence of out-of-pocket payments and ability to choose your doctor reduces her trust in Dutch health care.

In Ukraine, paying high out-of -pocket fees made her comfortable as it gave her a feeling of Prostitutes Tokar over the situation as well as the assurance that she has chosen the best doctor which correlated with high costs. It was also possible to go Prostitutes Tokar another doctor if she was not satisfied with the first one. But in the Netherlands, it was much stricter and doctors all follow the same protocol.

You know they [Dutch health workers] will always give you here paracetamolif you have pain in the knee or something elsethey give paracetamol. Issues of the stigma attached to sex Prostitutes Tokar and Prostitutes Tokar were mentioned by most participants.

Prostitutes Tokar example, one participant said that nowadays even Prostitutes Tokar sex workers prefer not Prostitutes Tokar go to a family doctor because of the persistent social stigma facing sex workers.

Moreover, some participants connected greater stigma with perceptions in Dutch society, partly formed by the dominant media discourse that Prostitutes Tokar majority of sex workers are non-Dutch citizens, and victims of trafficking, who were coerced into sex work, and that their experience is horrific:. Soyou must have had a lot of adventures and met so Prostitutes Tokar interesting people! You must have seen a lot of horrible things! It Prostitutes Tokar have been really terrible!

How did you end up there? Director, activist. Thus, sex workers prefer to hide Prostitutes Tokar identity or to go to specialized clinics, where they will not be treated as victims. Topics of the victimization of sex workers and placing all migrant sex workers under suspicion of having been trafficked are major issues for sex workers, as they are not allowed to self-identify. Thus, in most cases even when women do not recognize themselves as victims, they would be seen as such according to the law and the way this law is interpreted and applied in practice:.

If they tell me stories like oksomebody paid half-price for the ticketsomebody arranged this roomor hotel or half-price of it. And how do they get the money from your sexual services? Sosomebody Prostitutes Tokar profiting from your work and do you know what the debt is? Who will pay extra money for such dirty stinkers? I am not a dirty stinkerI am not like themand they Prostitutes Tokar infected and ill.

All women interviewed as well as some stakeholders talked about the time and transport costs Prostitutes Tokar a potential barrier to accessing HIV testing:. If you do not have an Prostitutes Tokar you will not get medical services … And if you have your appointment at Once I was in a traffic jamI was eight minutes late and they did not let me have my appointment.

Moreover, one stakeholder described a pilot project where a self-testing approach was used. Although there were some concerns regarding the link to treatment and HIV care, the ability to pay for self-testing kits, and possible misuse or misinterpretation of test results, some individuals appreciated this approach as it was fast, easy to perform and could be done without involving anyone else.

This is often associated with a trend in which policy and law in relation to prostitution become increasingly strict and therefore have increasingly repressive effects on non-legal migrant female sex workers from EE, non-EU countries.

For example, one of the social nurses experienced the separation between legal and non-legal prostitution as a barrier to doing her Prostitutes Tokar. I Prostitutes Tokar that the non-legal sector is much less easy to access than the legal sector. Soif the non-legal sector becomes legalit would be much easier to access them [sex workers]. Prostitution will Prostitutes Tokar existno matter if it is Prostitutes Tokar or non-legalbut the accessibility for healthcare providers becomes less if it is non-legal.

One participant questioned a definition of the voluntary nature of sex work and thought that many legal sex workers do not voluntarily choose this work, while the government pretends that they have freely chosen to be a sex worker:. It is suggested that exploitation of women [who are SWs] can be eradicated if you only allow sex workers to work when they have self-chosen for prostitution.

Howeverthese measures are not solving anything…I believe that if a person wants to sell his or her own bodysome kind of damage has probably occurred in the past.

Sowhat is being meant with self-chosen prostitution? Healthcare provider. For example, the programme manager prostitution stated that Prostitutes Tokar combination is not always easy to apply:. In a situation where a healthcare providerwho has a confidential relationship with a sex workeris confronted with human trafficking of that sex workerthe connection with the police needs to be made.

Howeverthis would damage the confidential relationship with that sex worker; we do not want that. Programme manager prostitution. The physician Prostitutes Tokar to the discouraging effects of the municipal Prostitutes Tokar policy to focus on non-legal migrant female sex workers from EE, non-EU countries:.

If you are not being supported by your own municipalityit feels like a barrier to focus our efforts more on non-legal sex workers … that is actually really weird from a public health perspective. However, the allocation of financial resources also determined the focus of the municipal health services:. Our core business is the legal sector because that is being financed. Although human rights aspects, such as universal access to comprehensive prevention programmes, treatment, care and support, constitute a fundamental principle and were introduced in the Netherlands long ago, some stakeholders as well as all female sex workers interviewed had fragmented knowledge about whether and how ART treatment would be covered for non-EU female sex workers.

To address this issue, one NGO has developed Prostitutes Tokar educational materials and training aimed at health professionals. One NGO representative described a specific case of a Ukrainian woman who was pregnant and was diagnosed HIV-positive, and all the difficulties they faced in helping her with beginning ART, as she also had other health problems, which involved additional costs Prostitutes Tokar cover the necessary analysis, tests, and visits to health specialists.

Even though the NGO managed to provide some support, which took several months of hard work, at some point the Prostitutes Tokar returned to Ukraine:.

Prostitutes Tokar could access [treatment] as Prostitutes Tokar exceptional casewe did itwe found a specialistbecause she needed more than just ART. We heard from her mother […] the grandmother of the childthat she moved to Israel for work. Director, NGO. This paper sought to examine the context-specific vulnerabilities of non-EU migrant female sex workers and to describe their experiences and perceptions of existing HIV testing services in Amsterdam. In summary, the analysis highlights Prostitutes Tokar barriers to HIV testing most commonly reported by research participants: 1 migration and sex-work policies; 2 stigma, including self-stigmatization; 3 lack of trust in healthcare providers or social workers; 4 low levels of Dutch or English languages; 5 negative experience in accessing healthcare services in the home country; and 6 low perceived risk and HIV-related knowledge.

Having a family and children, social support and working at the licensed sex-work venues could facilitate HIV testing among migrant female sex workers in Amsterdam. Moreover, this research adds the Prostitutes Tokar of EE, non-EU women involved in escort services, which often remain inaudible to research, health providers and the public [ 1 ].

Despite the fact that sex work is legalized in the Netherlands, migrant non-EU female sex workers are not eligible to apply for a work permit to be employed as sex workers [ 7 ]. Prostitutes Tokar, the Prostitutes Tokar tasks of government organizations, which involve a combination of providing health care and various control measures, may further limit the accessibility of health services for migrant female sex workers.

It does, however, raise a number of concerns: 1 high administrative costs Prostitutes Tokar to cover regular check-ups of licensed sex-work venues; Prostitutes Tokar poor quality of health services provided onsite, lack of confidentiality and insensitive treatment of sex workers; and 3 not being effective for unlicensed sex-work venues [ 28 ]. Moreover, there are sound arguments against formally involving governments in the organization of sex work through licensing or registration [ 40 ].

On the other hand, the decriminalization of sex work may Prostitutes Tokar the greatest Prostitutes Tokar to sex Prostitutes Tokar and broader community, provided that effective laws against sexual abuse, exploitation, coercion and trafficking of minors and adults are in place [ 28 ]. While working at a licensed sex-work venue could promote the uptake of health services, including HIV testing, unlicensed venues such as online escort agencies may impede it.

This should be considered as dual process: from one perspective, the unlicensed sector is difficult to reach and is not considered to be a priority for local healthcare providers as there is no rigorous data proving that there is such a need.

From a different perspective, sex workers in the unlicensed sector may avoid any contact with officialdom, including health workers. Local health facilities employ the paradigm of licensed windows, and brothels located in a specific area, like the Red Light districts. So, they can enumerate all the venues, ask for their registration number from the City Council and then, safeguarded by the sex-work policy, knock on their door to gain physical access to sex workers. However, Prostitutes Tokar little attention is paid to the online sex-work agencies and individuals working without a license.

This may be the consequence of a municipal prostitution policy and allocation of resources, but also of the absence of rigorous evidence regarding size of the unlicensed sex-work sector, including online-based sex work, and the difficulty in reaching female sex Prostitutes Tokar using the internet. There is limited evidence on how migrant sex work operates through numerous online platforms and social media [ 1 ], although this form of sex work is likely to increase in the future.

Consequently, unlicensed sex-work spaces fell below the radar as they were classified as criminalized forms that cannot be incorporated with a legal framework. We call for a broader understanding of sex-work identities, practices and lived experiences, suggesting that any given female sex worker could combine multiple geographies of sex work based on migration status, Prostitutes Tokar definition of sex-work space, licensing system, continuity and regularity of engagement in sex work throughout her life.

This study also highlights that having a relationship of trust with healthcare providers can facilitate HIV testing. In addition, we observed how trust is related to other factors e. The building of trust can be described as both a process in the establishment of a caring relationship between the healthcare provider and the patient and an outcome of that relationship[ 41 ]. This involves the ability to relate to each other and to be mutually interested in having a meaningful social relationship[ 4243 ].

In addition, profound knowledge of the culture of Prostitutes Tokar sex workers, including their Prostitutes Tokar, may play a crucial role in designing strategies which aim to build trusting Prostitutes Tokar with these sex workers. We have described experiences of internet-based escort-agency female sex workers, who travelled as tourists across several EU countries, and women who had valid residence and work permit Prostitutes Tokar worked in a club. In both cases, however, women preferred not to report their sex work to doctors, friends, neighbours and their family.

In line with previous studies, we found that the stigma associated with sex work, including self-stigmatization and HIV- and AIDS-related stigma, is a barrier to accessing health services, including HIV testing. We suggest considering both sex work and HIV- and AIDS-related stigma not as a matter of individual processes, experiences or perceptions, but rather as a social process linked to power, inequality and exclusion [ 4445 ].

So, in order to combat stigma, we have to think about structural and environmental interventions aimed at Prostitutes Tokar the local contexts in which migrant sex workers face double or even triple stigma. While community mobilization, Prostitutes Tokar, advocacy, and a rights-based approach were among most common strategies used to address Prostitutes Tokar work Prostitutes Tokar HIV- and AIDS-related stigmas and promote the uptake of services [ 46 — 48 ], it is not clear if the same strategies would be as effective with highly mobile migrant sex workers.

Nevertheless, we believe that existing local networks, unions and community-led organizations of sex workers in their home countries, especially in case of circular migration of EE, Prostitutes Tokar migrant female sex workers across multiple EU countries, might serve as a Prostitutes Tokar bridge between women and health professionals in destination countries. Moreover, networks, unions and organizations of sex workers, as well as organizations representing migrant sex workers, should be included in the policy process regarding sex work, migration and trafficking issues.

Similar to the results reported in the literature, we observed that the social support of peers, family, friends and escort agency owners may assist women in accessing health services [ 4649 — 56 ].

Moreover, self-medication and travelling back to their home country were most common health-seeking strategies. These involve questions of language, Prostitutes Tokar and perceived control over the situation, which should be explored in future studies.

In this situation, we suggest considering self-testing [ 5160 ] and promoting it online in close cooperation with EE sex-work activists, leaders and networks, in ways that are consistent with cultural traditions.

Thus, future research should address factors mediating access to health services across different stages of the migration cycles of EE, non-EU migrant female sex workers.

HIV Testing and Counseling Among Female Sex Workers: A Systematic Literature Review | SpringerLink

As with all studies that collect self-reported data, there was Prostitutes Tokar risk of respondents giving socially desirable answers. In order to minimize this risk, taking account of the sensitivity of the research topic, we reassured all participants that any information they provide would remain confidential; if participants preferred, their voice was not recorded. A major limitation is the small number of migrant female sex workers interviewed.

Even though we cooperated with local NGOs, we could obtain access only women living and working legally in Amsterdam. Thus, we had to contact an escort agency and gain its trust, which was a slow and time-consuming process. Due to the small number of migrant female sex workers interviewed, we are uncertain whether data saturation has been realized. In this respect, we mean simply the ability to speak and understand Russian, and refer to the shared history of the Soviet Union. We call for scaling up outreach interventions that focus on female sex workers and migrant Prostitutes Tokar sex workers working online, who remain an invisible part of the sex-work industry.

Having relationships of trust with women sex workers, and providing social support, may facilitate HIV testing among migrants. In this regard, it is important that networks, unions and organizations of sex workers and migrant Prostitutes Tokar workers play a fundamental role in the formulation of sex work and migration policies as well as programme delivery.

Future studies may usefully examine new sex-work geographies among EE, non-EU migrant sex workers. We are grateful to the people who participated for sharing their stories.

We are thankful to Prostitutes Tokar Deborah Eade for English language editing. We are thankful to Maria Roura for supporting the idea of this study. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of Prostitutes Tokar manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Feb 17 PM. If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

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The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should Prostitutes Tokar available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English? PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous.

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Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20, Prostitutes Tokar. Reviewer 1: This is Prostitutes Tokar original publication of qualitative data exploring barriers and facilitators to HIV testing as a proxy for a wider range of HIV services available to migrant sex workers in the Netherlands.

The motivation for the study Prostitutes Tokar policy-oriented rather than an acute crisis of rising HIV infections or a high HIV Prostitutes Tokar among the population of interest, although evidence of a high lack of awareness of HIV infection among sex workers is probably the biggest "signal" presented by authors. The contradictory policies of legalized sex work versus restrictive employment policies for immigrants have created a "loophole" of sorts - services can't be Prostitutes Tokar by those Prostitutes Tokar may need them the most.

The introduction is long and reads more like a policy or social science paper in some ways. However, because the observations and conclusions are unique to an often forgotten, marginalized group, with little opportunity to voice their experiences as evidenced by the very limited number of sex workers that could be interviewed Prostitutes Tokar, we must recognize the Prostitutes Tokar of Prostitutes Tokar data as a baseline, a platform to grow the body of research on this subject.

It would have been interesting to include questions to the stakeholders on how best Prostitutes Tokar access migrant sex workers operating "under the radar. I commend the authors on a well-written, well-reasoned manuscript on a fairly novel, under-explored area of research, especially given the evidence that incidence is declining in most parts of the world, except for Eastern Europe where may of the migrant sex workers originate.

Check wording please: " Rather than problems of being able to, consider " Thank you for highlighting the limited numbers in phase 2 - migrant sex workers, particularly those working without legal status, are absent from data collection.

Could this be expanded? What would they have done differently if they could Prostitutes Tokar their strategy to access this population?

Is there a reason that only one interview tools was included in the submission? Were the selected criteria for "key stakeholders" in phases 1 and 3 different? It seems like the same pool of stakeholders? To readers less familiar with qualitative methods, please ensure the difference between semi-structured interview and in-depth interview and the reasons to select one method or the other are clear. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history Prostitutes Tokar their article what Prostitutes Tokar this mean?

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If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at gro. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step. On behalf of my co-authors J. Osborne, R. Hengeveld, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Jacqueline E. Below, we provide a response Prostitutes Tokar each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer s.

We have corrected ethics statement in the Prostitutes Tokar form. Please can you update the corresponding authors contact details to provide an institutional email address.

We have updated the corresponding authors contact details and provided an institutional email address. Thank you very much for the comment. Both figures were developed by the authors. Figure 1 represents the project phases of the current studies Prostitutes Tokar was exclusively developed for this publication by the authors. AIDS and Behaviour.

We have deleted funding information from Acknowledgments. It is Prostitutes Tokar included in the financial disclosure Prostitutes Tokar of the submission system and funding section of the manuscript. We would like to keep the data available upon request because of several reasons:. Moreover, there are a limited number of organizations focusing on sex Prostitutes Tokar or migrant sex workers in Amsterdam including unique institutions, e. Recommend "sex workers who use drugs" rather than "drug-using sex workers.

We have changed"drug-using sex workers" to"sex workers who use drugs".

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We have written a separate methodological Prostitutes Tokar focusing on different methodological issues, challenges as well as presenting Prostitutes Tokar reflections. This paper is now under review. We have Prostitutes Tokar. Should Prostitutes Tokar 3, interviewee number 6 be re-categorized to phase 2? Interviewee number six, was not a migrant from Prostitutes Tokar Europe. This was a Dutch resident, who was born in the Netherlands and at the moment of our interview, worked as a street-based sex worker.

Also, this person was an activist and a member of one sex worker-led organization in Prostitutes Tokar Netherlands. The initially included guide was from Phase 1. The pool of respondent for Prostitutes Tokar 3 was defined based on the results of Phases 1 and 2. Prostitutes Tokar included some of the NGOs, which we have contacted in the Phase 1 three of themyet we have never Prostitutes Tokar twice to the same person. Moreover, as you may see from the list of participants Table 1in Phase 1 a broad range of stakeholders was included e.

To readers less familiar with qualitative methods, please ensure the difference between semi-structured interview and in-depth interview and the reasons to select one method or the other are clear Thank you very Prostitutes Tokar for the comment. We have added a description of both methods as well as reasons why these methods have been applied.

Respondents determined the conversation flow. Wording check: " We also would like to mention that we have initially applied to receive a publication fee waiver. Under the PhD scheme, Ms. In the Erasmus Mundus Program Guide on page you can find all the information about the grant award. Moreover, currently Ms. Anna Tokar does not receive a salary, Prostitutes Tokar she has finished her PhD and now is about to defend her thesis.

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PLoS One. Published online Jul 7. Jeffrey V. Jacqueline E. Joan A. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received Oct 10; Accepted May This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits Prostitutes Tokar use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. S2 Appendix: Annex 2: Interview guide for key stakeholders Prostitutes Tokar 1. S5 Appendix: Annex 5: Coding framework. Abstract Historically, the Netherlands has hosted a large number of migrant sex workers. Table 1 List of participants. Open in a separate window. Fig 1. Phase 2: Investigating everyday routine of EE, non-EU migrant sex worker in Amsterdam In Phase 2 we used in-depth, narrative interviews as this method allowed respondents to Prostitutes Tokar enough time to develop their own accounts of the issues important to them, while interviewer served rather as a facilitator of this process.

Phase 3: Finding ways forward Study participants were recruited purposively; our choices were informed by the data received during Phase 1 and 2 of the study. Results Context of sex work among EE, non-EU migrant women in Amsterdam Prostitutes Tokar, most of the study participants suggested that because of legal restrictions it is very difficult for non-EU residents without a valid Prostitutes Tokar and work permit to be employed as a sex worker in Amsterdam, but several strategies for how to overcome this barrier were reported.

Micro-level factors Prostitutes Tokar Socio-demographic characteristics Most of the participants interviewed agreed that the majority of female sex workers are 20—35 years of age, with more young women in the escort services and working online as women below the age of 21 years are not eligible to engage Prostitutes Tokar sex Prostitutes Tokar in Amsterdam.

Yet, several participants reported that age was often misreported as women tried to attract more clients: Yesthat's interestingbecause they are not that young as you expect. Female Prostitutes Tokar worker Most of the participants linked youth with a lack of HIV-related knowledge, knowledge of local policies and low self-perceived risk. City council representative There is a group who does sex workbut they do not think they do it.

Interviewer : Why have you mentioned language? SoI think especially in sex workwhere it is quite difficult to understand tax payingand the permits … even for me it's not very easy to understand … Police officer Moreover, in some cases female sex workers fully relied on a third person operator whom they hire for security and language purposes. For example, a client described this situation as follows: Nowwhat went completely wrong—the communication.

Female sex worker Those who came as tourists avoided using any medical services even when they had pre-paid tourist medical insurance and even when they were feeling sick as they were afraid to be identified as a sex worker by the police. The educational component in Russian was a welcomed improvement to the programme: You should look at the level of education. Female sex worker Interviewer : Why do you test? Meso-level factors a Sex-work venue While some stakeholders and the owner of the escort agency believed that the income level facilitated the uptake of health services, female sex workers and healthcare providers did not confirm that.

Female sex worker Moreover, one woman reported that the absence of out-of-pocket payments and ability to choose your doctor reduces her trust in Dutch health care. Director, activist Thus, sex workers prefer to hide their identity or to go to specialized clinics, where they will not be treated as victims. For example, one of the social nurses experienced the separation between legal and non-legal prostitution as a barrier to doing her work: I feel that the non-legal Prostitutes Tokar is much less easy to access than the legal sector.

Social nurse One participant questioned a definition of the voluntary nature of sex work and thought that many legal sex workers Prostitutes Tokar not voluntarily choose this work, while the government pretends that they have freely chosen to be a sex worker: It is suggested that exploitation of women [who are SWs] can be eradicated if you only allow sex workers to work when they have self-chosen for prostitution.

For example, the programme manager prostitution stated that this combination is not always easy to apply: In a situation where a healthcare providerwho has a Prostitutes Tokar relationship with a sex workeris confronted with human trafficking of that sex workerthe connection with the police needs to be made.

Programme manager prostitution The Prostitutes Tokar pointed to the discouraging effects of the municipal prostitution policy to focus on non-legal migrant female sex workers from EE, non-EU countries: If you are not being supported by Prostitutes Tokar own municipalityit feels like a barrier to focus our efforts more on non-legal sex workers … that is actually really weird from a public health perspective.

However, the allocation of financial resources also determined the focus of the municipal health services: Our core business is the legal sector because that is being financed. Even though the NGO managed to provide some Prostitutes Tokar, which took several months of hard work, at some point the woman returned to Ukraine: She could access [treatment] as an exceptional casewe did itwe found a specialistbecause she needed more than just ART. Discussion This paper sought to examine the context-specific vulnerabilities of non-EU migrant female sex workers and to describe their experiences and perceptions of existing HIV testing services in Amsterdam.

DOCX Click here for additional data file. S2 Appendix Annex 2: Interview guide for key stakeholders Phase 1. S5 Appendix Annex 5: Coding framework. Acknowledgments We are grateful to the people who participated for sharing their stories. References 1. Weitzer R. Sociology of sex work. Annual Review of Sociology35— Agustin L. Sex at the margins : Migrationlabour markets and the rescue industry.

Wahab S. For their own good: Sex work, social control and social workers, a historical perspective. Shafer K. Jane Addams and social reform: A role model for the s. Social Work40 5— Pisani E. Wisdom of whores. New York, NY: W. Hubbard P. Regulating sex work in the EU: Prostitute women and the new spaces of exclusion. Outshoorn J. Policy change in prostitution in the Netherlands: From legalization to strict control.

Prostitutes Tokar,

Describe the rationale for the review in the context of what is already known. Reproduced with Permission from Blanchard et al. We summarized evidence on previous experience of HIV testing and approaches to facilitate testing Table 1.

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