Prostitutes Ferrara,

"Anche a Ferrara le prostitute paghino le tasse come tutti noi"

Luigi Napoleone Cittadella,Notizie relativea Ferraraper la maggiore versity of Ferrara, , which treats fourteenth- and fifteenth-century parteinedita,vol. CastelTedaldo C.

A long while here I will examinethe practicesas they affectedpros- bibliographydocumentsthe work of Ferrara'smost famous titutes, Ferrara'sbrothels, and the spaces of prostitution late-fifteenth-centuryarchitect,Biagio Rossetti, for exam- duringthe fifteenth and sixteenthcenturies.

Iconographicand nia, and Margarita of Ljubljana. By location, by then, was often departurefrom home, presumablyto places construction,and by official and unofficialregulations,the that offered anonymity and where families would not be buildingsthey erectedandthe citiesthey designed,enlarged, shamedby the woman'sprofession.

The numerous convents of a Renaissancecity eral possibilities: poverty, widowhood, rape, or, as such as Ferrara,the brothels,laundries,and even the orga- contemporaryrecords quaintly phrasedit, "deflowering.

Architecturaland urban historiansconsis- doned. She thus forfeitedher Prostitutes Ferrara one assetthat could tently ignore the genderingof RenaissanceItaliancities and enable her to contract a respectable marriage.

Not surprisingly,the rules regarding confine- to have been the case with Giovanna of Venice and Gio- ment to brothelsin Ferraraappearto have been alternately vanniCazanomentionedabove;he in effect becameat once enforced and ignored.

Letters in the Este archives docu- her common-lawspouseandher pimp. Whateverthe cause, ment that Ercole I knew of prostitutionflourishingin city relocationto foreign cities appearsto have been a common tavernsother than the publicbrothels,for example,but that Prostitutes Ferrara. The thirteenth-centurystatutesof Fer- public. But as the officialscomplainedto Duke Borso in a raraforbadeall publicprostitutes ganeaor galnea from liv- public letter, their efforts came to naught becausethe city's ing or loiteringin the city,specificallybetweenthe Po River tax collectors had stayed the punishment on the grounds and the centralVia Sabbioni,from Porta Agnese to Porta that it would adverselyaffect Prostitutes Ferrara income to ducalcoffers.

The statutesalso insistedthat Prostitutes Ferrara the inter- enter the publicbrothel,highlightingan option for unmar- ests of public decency, they were forbidden to frequent ried women to engage in illicit sexualrelations Figure4.

Sexuallyactivewomenlivingoutside the confines of a monogamous marriage or Prostitutes Ferrara brothels Prostitutes Ferrara lack of order that was anathemato the good burghersof Ferrara,leadingthem to lodge complaintswith the duchess. When GiovanniCastelliservedas chief of the Prostitutes Ferrara delle Bollette,he attemptedto defineprostitutes in a proclamationissuedin ,firstin termsof locationand Figure 5 Betrothalof a youth and a prostitute, then in termsof behaviorandreputation:Decretum GratianiRoverella Biagioor ElGambarointhe cityof Ferrara Reports sional although at times riskyactivity,undertakenin order from parishpriests from forwarddetailedthe names to supplementfamilyincome.

In ,Margherita,a "pros- and specificsins of women:those living "continuallyas con- titute housewife" meretricecasalenga ,alias La Fachina, was cubinesand diverse[typesof] fornication"or in adultery,or killed by the son of her lover, FrancescoD'Ortona, whose thosewho wereseparatedfromtheirhusbands;theyalsoenu- familyhad brokenup becauseof his involvementwith her.

In a Prostitutes Ferrara ritual that lives on in con- women's honor and sense of public decency. The fine leveled ing that his wife, Luciana Bianca, had left him and com- wasdoublethe normalone for pettytheft. Repeateddenunci- mitted adulterycumpluribus.

Just to makehis own role clear, ations of prostitutes'actions to civic officials,"aboutwhich he added that all of this happenedagainsthis will.

The absence of such specificeventsis not clear. Given the proximityof dates,for cases in Ferrarasimplytestifies to the almost complete loss Prostitutes Ferrara rowdinessthat triggeredan official response of the city'scriminalrecords. The persistenceof proclamationsdemandingthat any George on 24 Prostitutes Ferrara giventhe participation womanhavingsexualcontactwith more than one man enter of prostitutesin the running of the Palio for women, as the brothelsuggeststhat women Prostitutes Ferrara and out of dif- depictedin the fresco for the month of Aprilin the Palazzo ferenttypes of sexualrelationsduringtheir lives, Prostitutes Ferrara Schifanoia Figure6.

Alessandra also be a factor;when the secondproclamationwas issuedin Panarini,a residentof BorgoMisericordia outsidethe wallsto Prostitutes Ferrara the southeast of the citywas a married prostitute who by its omnipresentwinterfog, andthe highpricesfor grainled declaredin that she wantedto forgo permanentlysuch to economichardshipsfor many,includingprostitutes.

Althoughno records city officialsas well. In his diary,Zambottirecordsmeasures from the fifteenthand sixteenthcenturiesremainthatwould he took against prostitutes on 21 July Prostitutes Ferrara, while he was helpus determinehowwell thisrulewasenforced,trialrecords servingas head of the Ufficio delle Bollette: from late-sixteenth-century Modena and early-seventeenth- centuryFerraraindicatesignificantnoncompliance.

A proclamationwas issued that no prostitutecouldremain inthis ourcity,andthatno Ferraresecitizencouldbe a procurer,and that anyone who has given them housingis subjectto a penaltyof Prostitutes in the Public Sphere: 50 lire,and that anyone who knows where they are livingmust Behavior Codes and Enforcement notifythe officialsof the Bollettewithinthree Prostitutes Ferrara.

An injunctionin punishmentshe inflictedon two prostitutes,at once demon- the statutesagainstgalneaandribaldigamblingor engag- stratinghis firmnessin handlingthe offense, and revealing ing in rowdybehaviorin the cathedralor its porticogivessome lax enforcementof the earlierinjunction Figure 7 : ideaof the raucouscharacterof publiclifein latemedievalFer- rara.

I, as chief of the [office of] the Bollette, had two in May issueda bulletinenjoiningprostitutesfromcom- turns of the cord inflicted on two prostitutes from the public mittingvarioussortsof offensesagainstcitizens.

He specified brothel on a scaffolding Prostitutes Ferrara the Prostitutes Ferrara square in front Prostitutes Ferrara the thattheseactsincludedstealingmoneyor otherthingsin large podesta's windows, because they wounded a farmerand took or smallquantities,or committingany type of insult or dis- a pairof shoes and a cap from him by force, and I made all the honor againstanother,or stealingsomeone'shat, or dragging other prostitutes come to see the spectacle.

In his account of the life of Ludovico Ariosto, Michele Catalano recounted that in the wife of Prostitutes Ferrara police officer was punished with the scopafor having affairs: she traversed the main city streets on foot, following which she was pelted with rotten fruit and sticks. The act itself did not prompt punishment; at issue was clandestine, untaxed prostitution, particularly that reported by neighbors concerning married women who lived otherwise respectable lives.

Beyond inconsistent enforcement, the scanty records also reveal the determined resistance of prostitutes Prostitutes Ferrara spatial and behavioral confinement. However onerous the punish- ments, women flouted the laws and asserted their autonomy. The scaffoldingsat between Palazzodel Corte and the cathedral,with the Palaceof Justice inthe background.

Althoughthe women were reg- Prostitutesoften came to know well the jail cells in the ulated and subjectto Prostitutes Ferrara and personalcontrol by men, PalazzodellaRagione.

They appearedbeforethe courtsfor a even the limitedextantrecordsrevealthat Ferraresewomen diversearrayof offenses,includingdebtsto ownersof innsand includingprostitutesaggressivelyassertedtheirrights. In the Prostitutes Ferrara other prostitutes,sometimeson the fifteenth century,the few remnantsof the LibrideiMalefici publicstreets,stealingfromclients,andviolenceagainstclients Recordsof criminalcomplaints include chargesby Anto- who tried to escapewithout paying.

Caterina whore,"but effectively"bitch" ,andone Magdalenaaccused the Venetianwas found Prostitutes Ferrara of failing to wear the yellow GiovanniStanchariniof callingher Prostitutes Ferrara schiavadi merda slave cloth in publicas requiredof prostitutesin ,andanother full of shit. Likewise,prostitutesclaimedthe vism is apparent:Romanellaended up in prison again in right to accept or reject potential clients.

Alessandra Prostitutespaid double would Prostitutes Ferrara leave her alone. But prostitutionwas not sified as publicprostitutes. City officialschose the locations alwaysa lucrativefull-timeoccupation,particularly in Ferrara, of brothels, while promiscuouswomen who lived on their wherethe taxburdenwasonerousfor most of the population. As in the case of Alessan- indebted to the operatorsof the brothels, which virtually dra Panarini,they often rented these quarters,and neigh- Prostitutes Ferrara womeninto indenturedservants,but withno fixed bors and landlordswere awareof and apparentlytolerated date on which their obligationended.

Even the city'smonkspatronizedbrothels. Isabella Ferrara'spublic documents assert that meretriciwere Pagliarini or Villani, or Ghibertifor example, stood expectedto maintaina distancefrom donneoneste.

Evidence accused by her neighbors of scandalous conduct because fromthe archivesof the Inquisitionin Modenain the sixteenth one of her clients was reputed to be an outlaw, Fabrizzio centuryandFerrarain the earlyseventeenthcenturyindicates Calegaro. Modenawaspartof the Este territory,and,indeed,in futurehousing erected on the land to prostitutesor pimps.

Their expertisein suchmattersapparentlyrestedon the notionthat, as prostitutes,they had a specialunderstandingof mattersof love andsex.

Ippolitade Prostitutes Ferrara Ferrararecountedin how she saw MorandaMagnaniniof Fanano,a prostitute, determinethroughincantationswhetherloversreallyloved and caredfor her Prostitutes Ferrara her clients. Marriedmen andpriestsfound this mixingof donneonestewith dishonorableones troubling; complaintsaboutwomen of ill reputelivingthroughoutFer- rararatherthan only in the brothelswere directedto Duke Ercole by some of his officialsin the s.

A telling exampleis the case attachedspecialimportanceto the thresholdsof houses or of the Roman prostituteMadalenaProsperi,who tried to rooms. Women repeatedlytestifiedin Inquisitionhearings defend herself Prostitutes Ferrara chargeof wearingmen'sclothes in about depositingitems on the doorwayor conductingspe- publicby claimingthatwhile wearingher lover'sclothes she cial activitiesin the liminalzone between the street and the only Prostitutes Ferrara out the doorwaybut never actuallycrossedthe house.

The portalor thresholdhas historicallyactedin Italy thresholdinto the street. Prostitutes Ferrara as a man was particularlyacute because Prostitutes Ferrara doing so she Romanantiquity,figuressuch as the phallusposted at door- could embrace male spatial prerogativesand move freely ways guardedagainstevil spiritsentering the home.

In this way Prostitutes Ferrara teenth-century Rome among prostitutes involved setting evadedthe ban on movementin publicstreets,while drum- fire to another prostitute's door, as Camilla Senese was ming up businesswithout actuallybreakingthe law.

Indeed, accusedof doing in to the door of LucreziaGreca. When a group of young uni- Borgo Superiore Borgodi sopra,or upperborgo ;to the east versitystudentswent on a rampagein Bolognain ,they of the originalcastrumsettlementwas the Borgo Inferiore attackedthe houses Prostitutes Ferrara women, usually prostitutes,whose Borgodi sotto,or lower borgo. Four main axes definedthe doors represented a major target of their assaults.

When city throughthe twelfth century:two east-weststreets Via they reached the home of the Ferrareseprostitute Lucia, Ripagrandeor Grande,now Prostitutes Ferrara CarloMayr,and Via delle they kickedin her door, rippedit off its hinges, and threw Volteand two north-southcanals one along what is now it into the well in the courtyard. Beginningin the earlytwelfth Although Ferrara'spublic brothels date at least to the late centurywith the constructionof the new Cathedralof San fourteenthcentury,little has been learnedabouttheir exact Giorgioto the northof Via Sabbioni,the largepublicsquare locations or physicalcharacteristics.

FraPaolinoMinorito'searly-fourteenth-century map expendedon understandingownershipand operation. An see Figure 3 revealsa partiallywalled city whose growth Prostitutes Ferrara diariesand public recordsin Modena and continued west beyond the San Stefano canal;its institu- Ferraranow allowsus to flesh out some of this information, tional core adjacentto the Prostitutes Ferrara the Palazzo and a brief overview of Ferrara'surban development della Ragione and the Palazzo di Corte, or Palazzo through the late sixteenth centurywill help clarifythe sit- Ducalefollowedby the CastelloEstense after Wealthyfamilieserectedtheirpalaceson nearbystreets,and Foundedin Prostitutes Ferrara mid seventh century,Ferrarawas situ- publiclife graduallyshiftednorth.

Castrum A. Castrum B. CastelTedaldo C. BorgoSuperiore D. BorgodiSotto E. Addizionedi Borso F. Addizionedi Ercole G. LeConverite H.

Cathedral S. Giorgio I. Castello II II Figure 10a Ferrara,urbandevelopment throughthe sixteenth Figure 10b Ferrara,majorstructures mentioned in text century,showing main canals, waterways, Prostitutes Ferrara the Po Riverto the south the fifteenthcenturymore than doubledthe city'slandarea. In his suc- Cavour,in what was then the city'swesternmostextension. Guglielmo, the monastic complex of the Certosa, several According to a rental contract ofthe San Biagio churchesandconvents,and hectaresof agriculturalland brothelwas partof the Montealbano Montalbano,Monta- within the walls.

The contractdescribestwenty-three contradaof San Biagio-near the city'snorthern, western, chiusiand a tavernbetween the contradeRotta and Mutina and southernboundaries. The shops line Via San Romano and Via San Paolo from the southern gate to the square adjacent to the cathedral,as well as the southern flankof the cathedral. See Figure2 for a more detailed representationof the shops in the area of the cathedral,Palace of Justice, and castle.

Further descriptionin the rental con- cult to determinebecausethe Prostitutes Ferrara not dis- tractindicatesthatthe tavernfacedVia Mutina orMucinatinguish among differenttypes of ownershipor operation.

The chiusiwhere Biagio, El Gambaro,and SantaCroce collectivelyaspostri- the prostituteswould live were tile-roofedbrickrow houses, boli,but they were also referredto as bordellior as a Prostitutes Ferrara most only one storyhigh;the tavernitself sat amidthe chiusi blico publicbrothel.

The nameMontealbanoalso designatedthe have been owned by the Este, with the operation trans- plot of land on which the brothel and tavernsat;owned by ferredfrom time to time to new overseersupon Prostitutes Ferrara the Poveridi Christo,a religiousorganization,the property rents and taxes. When the constructionof Ercole'saddi- Prostitutes Ferrara the unwantedchildrenof the area'sprostitutes.

ElGambaro,whichwas a public Prisciani,chiefof the UfficiodelleBollette,andLeonelloSog- brothelfor prostitutesand a tavern,was removedtoday,and ari, chief of the Ufficio del dazio del vino office of wine the houses beganto be torndown andthe women Prostitutes Ferrara were taxes.

Ultimately both officials Sant'Agnesein Ferrara,and those who own the houses can proposedthatthe dukeconstructa muchlargerbrothelin the rent them to whores, but they cannot live elsewhere, on contraof SantaCroce,with twenty-fiveroomsfor the prosti- penaltyof beingwhippedthrough[thestreets of] Ferrara In the fourteenth century, a brothel was Ercole, it would have been less attractive to Eleonora located on the contradaof San Paolo, a main cross street of d'Aragona,his wife. In an earlierdispute between the pro- Via delle Volte, thereforeit seems logical to Prostitutes Ferrara the prietorof the Hostariade Prostitutes Ferrara Nave in and the priestsat brothel was located Prostitutes Ferrara to or on Via delle Volte, or per- the Church of San Francesco, the duchess allowed the haps on Via Romiti, where a brothel had been located on priests to appropriatea house that Giangiorgio da Milano the corner of Via Romiti and Via delle Scienze formerly had rented across from the Oratoryof San Sebastianoon Via di Sant'Agnese at least since the end of the sixteenth the grounds that he might allow prostitutes to occupy it, century.

However, the chronicle of Giulio and Giacomo di just as he allowedthem to work out of his ostaria. He reproachedher and orderedthe house returnedto notices of births, deaths, and marriages,along with occa- Giangiorgio, observing that the priests had never com- sional lapidary information about wars and aristocratic plained Prostitutes Ferrara the prostitutes before, and noted that they events,Giulio'sproudannouncementin is remarkable. Z'- o. Both streets were once called Via della Lupa reportedly because of a lupanara brothel located there.

Two rental contracts of June reveal that more than one brothelnow enlivenedthe areaaroundSant'Agne- se, and that propertyowners Prostitutes Ferrara taking advantageof the Antonio Grifuni Figure By order of Giudicedei dodici permission,noted by the anonymousdiarist,to rent apart- Savi Tito Strozzi and of the chief of the Ufficio delle Prostitutes Ferrara ments to prostitutes.

One contract records a two-story lette, two wallswere erectedto block off the contradella, and house on the contradaof Sant'Agneseadjacentto the Prostitutes Ferrara the two men Prostitutes Ferrara of the street,Antonioreceiv- pital of Sant'Agnese. To the rear,the house was bordered ing the part toward Palazzo del Paradiso, and Giulio the by a postribolo; a second house located on a corner on the other half.

The word con- which sat either on Via dell'Inferno,adjacentto Palazzodel trataused in the text, however,can signify one street or it Paradiso, or in the middle of the block between the two can include smaller,adjacentstreets, as appearsto be the streets see Figure 13b. The sixteenth century are missing from state, city, and Este Hospital, later Conservatory,of Sant'Agnesesits directly archivesin Ferraraas well as in Modena, it has been impos- acrossfrom the church,just one-halfblocksouth of Palazzo sible to make a more definitive determination.

The brothel behind the Hospital of unusualdecision to block off the street to enclose the most Sant'Agnese to which Prostitutes Ferrara anonymouschroniclerrefers in public of women no doubt reflected the personalinterests the passage above surely was Prostitutes Ferrara this immediate area.

But of di Antiginni and Grifuni to enlarge their propertiesand precisely which building is it? Without archaeological Prostitutes Ferrara income from the brothel, but it also offersthe irony of explorationsor additionaldocumentaryevidence, a defini- turning a public thoroughfare into a brothel for women tive determinationis impossible,but there are at least two, whose every movement on those very thoroughfareswas, and probablymore, plausibleprospects.

One straddlesVia at least theoretically,controlled. Ragno, formerly Via delle Androne; on Andrea Bolzoni's map ofthis structureappearsto be just like vaulted Opposite: coveredpassagewayson the parallelVia Prostitutes Ferrara Volte, but in Figure 13a Andrea Bolzoni, Prostitutes Ferrara map of Ferrara, detail actuality the preexisting street has been blocked off.

A showing the area south of the cathedral, includingthe area of second is a narrowadditionbetween two structuresalso on Sant'Agnese Via Ragno, at the terminusof vicolo also Via della Lupa. Additional evidence supports these possibilities.

I ill Q 3 """ctP? House of LauraDianti E. Stufa B. Via della Rotta F. Giacomo J. Clemente C. Via Malborghetto G. Hostariadella Nave D. Via S. Croce H. Conservatoryof S. Agnese L. Palazzo del Paradiso C.

Giacomo F. I ? Ercole's half-brother, Rinaldo secludedfromthe inhabitants,beingdistantneitherfromthe Maria d'Este, then living in Palazzo del Paradiso,greeted mainsquarenorfromthe contiguousmerchants,and Prostitutes Ferrara the arrivalof the public brothel with dismay. In a letter to places[shouldbe]assembledandplacedwhere it seems most Ercole in JulyRinaldocomplainedbitterlyabout the convenient.

These prescriptionsreinforcedthe triplefunctionsof destined to endure as the city's center of prostitution for accessibility,invisibility,andcontrol;discretionin placement nearly years, until late in the twentieth century. In the Prostitutes Ferrara the Prostitutes Ferrara not stand out from their sur- sixteenth century,the brothels appearto have clusteredin roundings,where concernsfor public Prostitutes Ferrara competedwith proximityto the one at Sant'Agnese,along Via delle Volte, the recognition that these establishmentswere useful and Via del Bordeletto,andVia dell'Inferno,adjacentto Palazzo customarycomponentsof RenaissanceItaliancities.

The proximityof the university,which by the The associationof specific streets with prostitutionin late sixteenth centurywas housed in Palazzo del Paradiso, Ferrarahas persistedthroughoutthe succeeding years, made for a ready client base, and the severalhostelries on even when the activityitself remainedbut a faintmemoryof Via delle Volte no doubt served as magnets as well.

But as the case of Ferrarademonstrates, which ran along the western flankof Palazzo del Paradiso, so do streets and districtsassociatedwith prostitution. Equicola already The uncertaintyabout Prostitutes Ferrara precise location of Antig- referredto the "loconella contradell'Inferno"inand inni's brothel underscores Prostitutes Ferrara larger problem of under- indeed, the stuffummentioned in the rental contract standing precisely the architecturalcharacterof Ferrara's may well still have been operating on this site.

Guarini brothels. They appear to have been ordinary in every offered further evidence in his comment that the Church respect;in neither plan nor elevation did they differ from of San Clemente,which sat on Via del Bordelletto nowVia other houses. What do we Prostitutes Ferrara about the domestic archi- Romiti behind Palazzodel Paradiso,originallyfacedwest.

A provisionin the statutesforbid- However,because"thispartof the city had become an inde- ding the use of thatch led to a gradualtransformationof cent place"-and, indeed, the church doors Prostitutes Ferrara have Ferrara'shousing stock from ruralcasalito the still domi- directly Prostitutes Ferrara Stovara'sestablishment-in the west nant urbanrow houses. Excavations suggestions offered in Renaissancearchitecturaltreatises, of a block of Via Ragnoin the early sillustratethe typ- in turn based on common practices in Italian cities.

The legend for the numbers is: 1 Portico. I A 7 Overhang. House and courtyardextended fromViadel Carbone to Viadella Lupa. A comparisonof this planwith Bolzoni's :. I I more upper floors. Although this and other houses in the area underwent major renovations and transformations over the past two centuries, plans and drawings executed by sur- veyors from the seventeenth through the early nineteenth century reveal consistent patterns in the Prostitutes Ferrara.

A good example of a house probably quite similar to El Gambaro is a Prostitutes Ferrara distance away on Via delle Volte; surveyed init is a two-story, four-room structure with a portico Prostitutes Ferrara one side and a courtyard in the rear Figure A larger example is from Via del Carbone for- merly Via della Lupa, now Vicolo del Carbonewith six rooms on the ground floor, well Prostitutes Ferrara courtyard to the rear, and the chimney marking the street elevation, a common remnant of late medieval Ferrara Figure Other than such plans from a later period, two addi- tional sources offer information on Ferrarese housing.

Viadel Carboneat one time was called Viadella Lupa,along with the parallelstreet.

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Prostitutes Ferrara 17 Pier'Antoniodegli Abbati? Although in many privatecharacterof the row houses. Without archaeologi- respectsthe vistasappearquite similarto those executedby cal investigations,it is not possible to ascertainthe Prostitutes Ferrara the same artists in Vicenza and Padua, the presence of tions of individualrooms duringthe fifteenthand sixteenth specificallyFerraresescenes on some of the seats suggests centuries,but it Prostitutes Ferrara likely that kitchens and bedroomswere thatthey were more idealizedthangeneric.

One scene illus- situated toward the rear courtyard,with shops and store- tratesthe armof S. Maurilio,amongthe city'smost revered rooms at the front. How these roomswere dividedfor pros- relics, and anotherpreciselydepictsthe monumentalstair- titutes remains unclear.

Some features of Ferrarese case in the courtyardof the Palazzo Ducale. While executeda centuryafterthe devolution opened on to the street. If El Gam- aroundSan Biagio. Housing and lots in the area are just east of where the Montealbanobrotheland tavern were located.

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By contrastwith clients-in effect, a tavern-so the women evidentlyboth convents, patricianpalaces, communal offices, churches, lived andworkedin Prostitutes Ferrara brothel.

The only inventoriesI have even shops, brothelsleft no specialtraceson the built land- located of propertybelonging to prostitutesdate from the scape, at least none visibly Prostitutes Ferrara other residences: seventeenthcentury;all werewomen livingalone andhence only street names and reputationsfar outlived the specific not in brothels.

Althoughthis allowedbroth- gestive of Prostitutes Ferrara. Most women appearto els to remaininconspicuous,it also testifiesto the ambigu- have rented anywherefrom two to five rooms, and some ous relationship of prostitution to other Prostitutes Ferrara of enjoyeda portico, cantina,bathroom,and even a vegetable relationships in Renaissance Ferrara.

On the one hand, garden. Beds with sheets and cushions, tables, benches, women inhabited the rooms as private spaces, Prostitutes Ferrara the chairs, and chests-items commonly found in sixteenth- rooms for casualsexualencountersalongwith other domes- century inventories and dowries-furnished the rooms.

The inventories also Ferraraoffered the possibility for her to retire to a includedsome landscapepaintingsandnumerousunframed convent known as Le Convertite the converted Figure smallimages.

Andvirtuallyeverywomanownedat least one Ferrara'swas among the earliest of such facilities for good-sized mirror. During the sixteenthcenturythe women Prostitutes Ferrara took in young girls as boarding students in orderto supportthe convent;this possibilityendedinhowever,when the nuns were forced to seek Prostitutes Ferrara to sup- plement their meager endowment.

Withdrawal from the brothel and a period of years laboringin a conventwithout takingfinalvows could effec- tively cleanse a prostituteof her Prostitutes Ferrara, and makeher eligible for marriageif she left the convent. Although in theory men and other women were not permittedto visit the women in this and other convents, supervisionwas Figure 19 Antonio Sandri,Churchof Santa MariaMaddalena,or Le inconsistent untilwhen the new bishop, Giovanni Convertite, "Dell'originedelle chiese e altriluoghi della Provinciadi Fontana, instituted much stricter controls based on the Ferrara" unpublishedMs.

After convincing them tion, temporarypermits from one day to one month were to leave the brothel, he first housed them in the Hospital issued to workmento repairbuildings,windows, and beds of the Battuti Bianchi, following which, aided by generous or to bring in suppliessuch as oil, wood, and wine, and to contributions from Duke Ercole II and other citizens, they physicians or surgeons engaged to treat specific nuns.

The church facade,with a number of women had risen to eighty. Le Convertite S. MariaMadalena : Wl: ''. A second, smallercourt- By Prostitutes Ferrara other convents in Ferrara,Santa yardwas tuckedwithin a compactgroupof buildingson the MariaMaddalenawas not large.

CorpusDomini, for exam- easternhalf of the complex. Along the convent'ssouthern ple, erected over the course of the fifteenth century,occu- flank,a high, irregularwall clearlywas configuredto block pied an entire block and containedmany courtyards,while views to and from Prostitutes Ferrara adjacentbuildings. The record of Prostitutes Ferrara sixteenth-centuryconventslocated in the Terranova, entrancepermitsreportsthat among these buildingswas a such as SantaCaterinada Prostitutes Ferrara, had four large courtyards granary;in addition,the conventmust havehad at least one and a large vegetable garden.

Even Santa Lucia and San well, a dormitory,a refectory,a kitchen,and storerooms.

Whores Ferrara,

Francisof Assisi,St. Peter,and some of the Con- no one canleavenor othersenter. Laura was a concubinejust like many others, but the statusof her. Perhapsmore Prostitutes Ferrara the point, Ferrara'saristocracyprof- ited directlyfrom the labor of prostitutes. In d Per Vittorio Baldini, fact, the only extant version Prostitutes Ferrara the medieval compact on Stampatr Epifrcpale. Vprostitutionin Ferrarais incorporatedas Prostitutes Ferrara the taxand licensing codes promulgatedby the Church in the seven- teenth century.

The genderingof the city'sspacesemergeswith greater Figure 21 Frontispiece,Ruleof the Sisters Convertiteof Ferrara, clarity when we examine how the city was structuredto accommodate prostitutes, and how that city came to be understood.

Everythingabout both the activityand its set- direct,day-to-daycontrol by men vanishedupon her death tings revealed constant and irresolvably contradictory in a very particularway. Even if she did not enter the Con- impulses. At once shameful and endemic, officially unac- vertite, her goods did: in sixteenth- and seventeenth-cen- ceptable but a useful complement to the imperative of tury Italy, it was common practice to inventory the female chastity,prostitutionwas both an everydayactivity belongings of deceased prostitutesand turn them over to that blendedalmostseamlesslywith the rest of Prostitutes Ferrara life and the local Convertite convent; usually this was done while the most readilyavailablescapegoatfor a varietyof social, her body still lay in her rooms.

The unexceptionalarchi- Threatenedwith expulsion,enclosurein brothels,pun- tecturalcharacterof public and privatebrothels illustrates ishment in jails, being Prostitutes Ferrara through the streets and these conflicting imperatives:a privateactivityto be con- insulted, or pressuredinto the confines of a Prostitutes Ferrara, Fer- ducted under public scrutiny,and therefore not in other rara'spublic Prostitutes Ferrara occasionalprostitutesfound the spacesof privatesettings, in a designatedbuilding otherwise indis- the city riddled with spatial and discursive practices tinguishable from its neighbors.

So, too, does the spatial designedto root out andisolateillicit sexualbehaviorandto location of brothels reveal opposing aims:near city walls, restrictthem to tightly circumscribedplaces and activities.

Althoughcontempo- contravenedby the behavior of civic officials and nobles rarieswere fully awareof the presenceof donnedisoneste and themselves.

FerruccioTrabalzi,UCLA, not only figuredin the lives of contemporaryresidents,their helpedthroughoutyearsof researchin a varietyof ways. Finally,the women of the FeministStudiescommunityand the FeministReadingGroupwere presenceeven influencedthe architecturaland spatialorga- of far greatersupportand sustenancethan they know in offering a much nization of Prostitutes Ferrara.

Contributor(s):; Title: Circular Definitions: Configuring Gender in Italian Renaissance Festival [races run by prostitutes in Ferrara's Palio di San Giogio]. Free Essay: The Topography of Prostitution in Renaissance Ferrara By Daine Yvonne Ghirado “In this Paper, I propose to initiate an alternative understanding.

Equallysignificantly,not only did the spacesof prosti- A brief word on the research methodology and the sources. The tution persistover time in Ferrara,but so too Prostitutes Ferrara adminis- nature of Prostitutes Ferrara topic meant that no large, readily availablecache of docu- trative efforts to contain Prostitutes Ferrara spatially. Over two ments yielded a wealth Prostitutes Ferrara information.

On the contrary,all of the material included here was collected from a wide arrayof sources, for example, centurieslater,brothelswere forbiddenneararmybarracks, notaries'notebooks,which have not been indexedand were often written universities,high schools, coffee houses, inns, Prostitutes Ferrara restau- in a form of medievalLatinshorthand.

Spellingwas Prostitutes Ferrara saythe rants. Behavior associated with that of prostitutes in the least, even within the same document. I have transcribeddocumentspre- public realm, such as leaning out of windows, lingering in cisely as they were written, including spelling irregularities. In Ferrara, doorways, and calling out Prostitutes Ferrara passersby,was forbidden in repositoriesthat includedmaterialon women andbrothelsconsistedof the Archiviodi Prostitutes Ferrara ArchivioStoricoComunale,particularly with theiras much a signalof prostitutionin the nineteenthcen- Prostitutes Ferrara records including wills, inventories, and contracts; surveyors' turyas it had been in the Renaissance.

Italy'ssys- andinvestigationsconductedin Ferraraduringthe firstyearsof papalcon- tem of official brothels, the so-called case chiuse,which trol.

The ArchivioSegreto Vaticanocontainsletters and documentscon- ended only in the s, testifiedto the persistenceof spa- cerning the conventsin Ferraraand other cities, and the ArchivioStorico Diocesano in Ferraraalso contains documentationon the convent of Le tial controls againstprostitutesin the urbansphere. Given Convertiteandon women in individualparishes,as well as recordsof crim- the longevity of zones of prostitutionin Ferrara,it is then inal complaintsand investigationsin Ferraraafterthe arrivalof the papacy.

At the Archiviodi Stato,Este Prostitutes Ferrara financialrecordsyielded quent and profoundlygenderedhistories. As I explain,many of Ferrara'slegal recordswere destroyedin a fire inand the Inquisitionrecordsdisap- Notes peared after the French invasion in the late eighteenth century. Because Modenawas underthe dominionof the Este duringthe periodunderques- I am gratefulto Tito Manlio Cerioli andMaestroAdrianoFranceschinifor theirhelp in decipheringsome troublesomefifteenth-centuryhandwriting, tion, with some officialssupervisingthe sameactivitiesin both cities,I have used evidencefromModenain a few cases,suchas the Inquisition,andelse- and especially for willingly sharing their extensive knowledge of late where from Rome, in orderto flesh out materialmissing from Ferrara.

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My greatestdebt is to the Gra- ham Foundation, for providing funds in the early phases of this project. The staff of the Biblioteca April"Contra meretrices et hospites. Don EnricoPeveradaof the ArchivioStorico et fratrisa Simone et fratre de Mediolano,"25 Novembernow in Diocesano, Ferrara,was Prostitutes Ferrara remarkablygenerous with materialsand his AngelicaGamba,"Laprostituzionea Ferraranel tardomedioevo,"bache- knowledge of the archive.

ElizabethMoll andPriscilla Prostitutes Ferrara. Severalpeople deservethanksfor reading and article90, 23 August"Quodnon liceat alicuitabernarioprestare and commentingon earlierversionsof this article,includingGwen Wright domiciliumalicuimulieriinhonesteviventi.

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Jane Ren- 6. The chief undergraduatetextbookswhere this preferenceis evidentare 7. Heydenreichand W. Althoughothermeritsof 9. At the most basic level, spatialcontrols included participationin com- these textsaresignificant,they ignorewomen andwomen'sspaces. My pur- munal deliberationsand political life in general, but also Prostitutes Ferrara pose is not to castigatethem, but to encouragedifferentapproaches.

Google Scholar. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60 4 : — Cite Icon Cite. Copyright The Society of Prostitutes Ferrara Historians. You do not currently have access to this content. View full article. Sign in Don't already have an account? Client Account. You could not be signed in. Sign In Prostitutes Ferrara password.

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