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The issue was raised again in by Jervolino , proposing amending the Merlin Law to stiffen penalties for exploitation. According to a TAMPEP report on the legislations and policies regarding prostitution in Europe, in Italy, the dominant frames are sex work as violence, force, organized crime, a threat to public security and order, and driving demand for migration and trafficking. Immigration legislation, — An Prostitutes Arezzo policy Prostitutes Arezzo a major issue.

However, surveys consistently suggest that there is considerable public support for Prostitutes Arezzo the case chiuse. Following Prostitutes Arezzo founding of the Comitato see Advocacy, belowattempts to change the law continued, with 22 bills introduced in the legislative assembly. Prostitution in Italy became much more visible in the early s with the increase of migration from Eastern Europe and Western Africa which had begun in the s.

The Prostitutes Arezzo of the Soviet Unionthe Yugoslav Warsand new immigration policies such as Legge Martelli of Prostitutes Arezzo to a rapid influx of sex workers in originating from former Soviet bloc countries, giving rise to the colloquial term "Polish Girls" ragazze polacche. A second wave of immigrant sex Prostitutes Arezzo from Nigeria and Peruarriving to Italy using tourist visas and staying in the country Prostitutes Arezzo they had expired the so-called clandestini ensued, followed by a third wave from Albania in — The fourth wave in also came from Nigeria and Albania, while in —, Prostitutes Arezzo more migrants came from MoldovaLithuaniaand Albania.

Among these migrants were women who took up prostitution with varying degrees of voluntarity, with some suffering coercion and debt bondage human traffickingincluding under-aged girls.

These issues of foreign nationals, coerced prostitution, and under-aged prostitutes have re-shaped the prostitution debate in Italy, as elsewhere around Europe, in recent years. Descriptions of the conditions of migrant women, particularly young women, on the streets, shifted the debate in the s from the Comitato' s perception of prostitutes as independent and assertive women to that of victims of male violence.

With migration, street prostitution became more Prostitutes Arezzo, the prostitutes being considered to now be mainly Prostitutes Arezzo. In turn, this Prostitutes Arezzo another force driving public attitudes, which were community groups from urban neighbourhoods where street prostitution was most visible, particularly since the mids. Another initiative was to create tolerance zonessuch as in Mestrethe Prostitutes Arezzo of Venice, in Some municipal authorities have created confusion by erecting signs drawing attention to prostitution occurring in the neighbourhood.

While it was always possible to request a residency permit on humanitarian grounds, this was not well known or utilized by foreign sex workers. InLivia Turcothe Minister of Social Affairs, introduced the first "Justice Permit" for trafficking victims who renounced their traffickers, Prostitutes Arezzo part of the Prime Minister Lamberto Dini 's immigration decree. However, Catholic organizations opposed the denunciation clause.

The political initiative to address the Prostitutes Arezzo of women migrant workers came from Anna Finocchiaro Democratic Partythe Minister of Equal Opportunities.

Giorgio Napolitano Prostitutes Arezzo of the Leftthe Interior Minister, announced new measures in to deal with prostitution as an issue of urban safety, and there was little debate over his proposals, given widespread concerns over human trafficking.

The main opposing viewpoint was that residence permits should be granted only on the condition of victims denouncing traffickers. Measures adopted by the Prostitutes Arezzo included increased penalties for recruiting and trafficking, and allowing victims of Prostitutes Arezzo to stay in the country under a Prostitutes Arezzo permit". The law envisioned that these permits would be administered by local police chiefs questori on humanitarian grounds, but this concerned NGOs because of the complexity of the procedures involved and the potential for abuse.

The law also required the victim to enroll in training courses Prostitutes Arezzo and by approved NGOs. The law also allocated funds for associations assisting these victims, but did require them to exit Prostitutes Arezzo work, although they were supposed to denounce it.

The Prostitutes Arezzo for denunciation in the original Dini decree was removed. In advocating this, Turco was influenced by the Commission for Equal Opportunities, whose first president, Elena Marinucci PSIhad embraced the aims of the Comitato and attempted to legislate this in Amongst critics were the Comitato who objected to prostitution as something that Prostitutes Arezzo required to be protected from, without addressing stigmatization.

However, Catholic organizations dominated the list of approved agencies, and followed this belief. However, the debates did distinguish between forced prostitution and a "free and conscious choice of the individual".

Prostitution in Italy

Although the law was not explicitly targeted at sex work, its implementation was. Despite gender neutral language, the implementation focused on young female victims of trafficking, which was driven by populist media imagery.

When the government led by Massimo D'Alema was elected later that year in October three women ministers from three political parties Federation of the GreensItalian People's Partyand Democrats of the Left - Laura Balbo Equal OpportunitiesRosa Russo Jervolino Internal Affairs and Livia Turco Social Affairs announced they would look at new proposals on battling trafficking and defending the dignity of women. The result was a new prominence for Anna Finocchiaro's consultative Prostitutes Arezzo, the Inter-ministerial Prostitutes Arezzo for the Fight against Trafficking in February with wide representation.

Finocchiaro had declared "Trafficking in women is a new and very serious problem that we have to combat primarily with the punishment for reduction into slavery, instead of using the Merlin law". In March Prostitutes Arezzo, the ministers announced new, more severe, Prostitutes Arezzo for exploitation, and new rules for protecting those who renounced prostitution.

Available statistics for reported known victims, 37 percent of whom were minors, predominantly originating from Albania, Nigeria and FR Yugoslavia. A total of permits were granted in and Prostitutes Arezzo Until Prostitutes Arezzo, although there were no laws against street prostitutionother laws concerning public order and decency could be used to regulate it, and some places had local ordinances enacted against street prostitution. Attempts were regularly made to criminalize outdoor sex work.

Ina new bill outlawing street prostitution [25] was introduced by Mara Carfagna[26] [27] [28] Minister for Equal Opportunities, [29] and approved by the Consiglio dei ministri on 11 September. The bill is framed as an amendment to the Legge Merlin of 20 FebruaryProstitutes Arezzo 75 by providing for penalties for the act of prostitution, solicitation, or availing oneself of sexual services in a place open to the public Art.

Article 2 amends article bis of the penal code to provide penalties for recruiting, inducing, promoting, using, managing, organizing, controlling, or profiting from the sexual services of a person under 18, or for Prostitutes Arezzo promising any kind reward for a sexual act with a person between 14 and It also provides for repatriation of foreign minors engaging in prostitution. Article 3 deals with organized crime, penalizing conspiracy to exploit prostitution via article of the penal code.

Article 4 provides no new resources and repeals article 5 of the Legge Merlin, which it replaces, prohibiting libertinaggio solicitation constituting offence or harassment subject to up to 15 days imprisonment. The bill S. As Prostitutes Arezzo previous attempts this has attracted much criticism.

The bill is opposed by the Catholic Church, Prostitutes Arezzo workers [40] harm reduction advocates Prostitutes Arezzo feminist groups, [41] [42] human rights and immigrant groups, [43] and lawyers [44] and continues to be a matter of both popular and academic debate. The Domestic Security regulations of 24 July L. Under these powers, sex workers and clients Prostitutes Arezzo been subjected to ordinances that permit municipal police to administer fines.

The Public Security Law enables police chiefs to expel persons from a city in Prostitutes Arezzo they do not officially reside. EU citizens are subject to fines while non-EU citizens may be placed in detention centres and deported. The Comitato reports a breakdown in relationships between NGOs and authorities and between NGOs and workers, an avoidance of health services and an increase in criminal activity.

While enforcement varies by region and over time, the Prostitutes Arezzo effect has been the expected and desired one of clearing the streets Prostitutes Arezzo least temporarily and displacing workers to remote areas. Indoors work has increased, and quality of life in general has deteriorated. Unprotected sex has increased due to reduced ability to negotiate. Stigmatization and vulnerability have increased, as has a greater reliance on social services. As noted in other countries, as soon as Prostitutes Arezzo activity is reduced, older work patterns reappear.

So, the simple exercise of street prostitution could be no more persecuted by this kind of local bills. Prostitution is legal it is not mentioned in the Penal Codeand brothels and pimping are Prostitutes Arezzo. Single sex workers working from apartments are "tolerated". Loitering is permitted, but soliciting "unabashedly inviting clients on the street" is illegal.

Migrants with work or residence permits may work in sex work, and police cannot revoke residence permits and begin deportation procedures, as they tried Prostitutes Arezzo by the Italian laws.

Work permits can be issued to migrant dancers in entertainment clubs for one year in a single workplace. Sex work is forbidden, but nude dancing is tolerated.

Suspicions of sexual encounters lead to club closures. The last one of these Judgments was carried out in n.

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A court decision created a new precedent that clients who did not pay the worker would be considered guilty of rape.

The three main debates which have occupied the public, media, and policy makers are [5]. According to a TAMPEP report on the legislations and policies regarding prostitution in Europe, in Italy, the dominant frames are sex work as violence, force, organized crime, a threat to public security and order, and driving demand for migration and trafficking.

Amongst the political Prostitutes Arezzo were the Centri antiviolenza Anti-violence centresand women's shelters who advocated for victims of trafficking to stay in the country Prostitutes Arezzo if they did not denounce their exploiters, in keeping with their Prostitutes Arezzo that women are Prostitutes Arezzo empowered by allowing them to determine their own course of action.

The women's movement has been divided between those who saw prostitution as exploitation and those who saw it as work. In general, the movement has not prioritized prostitution, giving it mid-level importance, and saw it as a cultural issue, and did not trust the State as an intervenor. On this issue, Catholic Prostitutes Arezzo have been part of a hostile backlash to feminism, as is the fascist right.

For example, the mayor of Bologna cut all funding to women's shelters. The Prostitutes Arezzo movement denounced prostitution. The policy of fining clients of street prostitutes, which has started to be implemented in the early s, by Prostitutes Arezzo mayors, has been approved Prostitutes Arezzo part of the feminist movement blaming clients for the existence of prostitution is a common discourse among both feminists and Catholics[48] but opposed by other women who felt this policy further victimized the women.

Amongst the ongoing debates surrounding prostitution in Italy are Prostitutes Arezzo legal scholars who advocate " diritto leggero ", the concept that the State should intervene only minimally in matters considered the free choice of the individual.

While the age of consent is 14, paying to engage in sexual activities with teenagers between 14 and 17 years old, regardless of consent, is a crime punished with imprisonment from one to six years.

A prominent advocate for this position has been Roberta Tatafiorechief editor of Noidonne "Us Women". In regard to legal issues, feminists in general have supported the Merlin law, which banned brothels and regulation; and stood for decriminalization, with the Prostitutes Arezzo of exploitation by Prostitutes Arezzo parties pimps.

In the centre-left government of Prodithe policy Prostitutes Arezzo was reasonably open, and the dominant approach matched that of the women's movement, in moving ahead with "protection".

The shift in emphasis from workers to clients inwhen mayors ordered police to fine clients, was welcomed by Catholics and feminists. In Bologna inthe Case delle donne per non-subire violenzethe Prostitutes Arezzoand MIT, a transsexual organization, left the city's co-ordinating committee on prostitution in protest, believing that any repression worsened workers' working conditions.

There was also a feeling that criminalizing clients prevented them reporting abuse of workers or collaborating with authorities. The issue was raised again in by Jervolinoproposing amending the Merlin Law to stiffen penalties for Prostitutes Arezzo. Giuliano AmatoMinister of Prostitutes Arezzo Reforms, suggested that instead the client should be penalized, and Antonio Di Pietro Lista Di Pietro introduced a bill into the Senatebut raised the ire of politicians, in particular Livia Turco, who emphasised that prostitution should be decriminalized, and Prostitutes Arezzo "true abuse" be penalized.

position Mary Magdalene held in the Duomo explained why so many prostitutes flocked to Arezzo. “Remember that history is not only about what happened,” the. AboutPressCopyrightContact usCreatorsAdvertiseDevelopersTermsPrivacyPolicy & SafetyHow YouTube worksTest new features. © Google LLC.

She and Laura Balbo also received representation from the Comitato against this. This debate occurred during meetings of a parliamentary commission into prostitution, where there were frequent references to under-age foreign Prostitutes Arezzo.

Partly connected to this was the emergence of a Prostitutes Arezzo to criminalize clients using under-age workers. Engaging in sexual activity with someone under 14 was already classified as statutory rape, but that still left many under-age workers. While the age of consent is 14, paying to engage in sexual activities with teenagers between 14 and 17 years old, regardless of consent, is a crime punished with imprisonment from one to six years.

Reports of underage workers has been a persistent concern in Italy as elsewhere, although in Italy it Prostitutes Arezzo appeared framed as homosexual molestation of male minors. This initiative unified a number of legislative proposals.

The media Prostitutes Arezzo abuse and murders particularly an 8-year-old Prostitutes Arezzo in Ostia in[50] internet child pornography and sex tourism, with the terminology shifting from 'teenager' to 'child', and frequently conflated 'women and children' as equally vulnerable. Parliament responded rapidly and the Penal Code was amended [51] to deal with sexual contact with minors or possession of child pornography with no opposition.

There was, however, division over the issue of the defence of ignorance, the final decision being it was not a defence. Because Italian law prohibits gender discrimination another legacy of Lina Merlinthe language was Prostitutes Arezzo, although not the effect.

Archived from the original on 23 March

It was, however, considered impossible to enforce, since it would require the worker to lay the complaint. The Prostitutes Arezzo was never on the agenda of the women's movement, not even by the shelters, and who played no part in the debate, nor did the Equal Opportunities Minister Anna Finocchiaro. Nor was the policy environment receptive to feminist input, since the Government was anxious to be seen to be responding to media and Prostitutes Arezzo panic on pedophilia.

Inaround 50 men—among them professionals, priests, and politicians—were accused of paying two teenage girls from Parioliaged 14 and 15, for sexual services in Rome. Inthe Chamber of Deputies ordered Prostitutes Arezzo "Inquiry to increase knowledge about the social and sanitary aspects of prostitution" [55] in response to concerns about foreign workers on the Prostitutes Arezzo.

We are prostitutes Arezzo Wave

The Inquiry interviewed many stakeholders during six hearings, but there was relatively little representation Prostitutes Arezzo the women's movement. The main framework was the idea that foreigners were "invading" the streets of Italy, as a public order issue.

This Prostitutes Arezzo a heavily gendered debate. Prostitutes Arezzo the end, the commission adopted three principles — harm reduction, education of clients, and the importance of upholding the Merlin law.

The deliberations included proposing a law to finance local government programmes to assist sex workers with protection permits. At the Prostitutes Arezzo time, the three women ministers were promoting education campaigns in the countries of origin of migrant sex workers e.

There was little feminist input into this discussion, with the exception of Elsa Antonioni of the Anti-violence shelter, who stressed the continuity between sex for money and sex for free, pointing to the vulnerability of sex workers' civil rights e.

Prostitution in Italy - Wikipedia

This was not pursued, although the strong role of the Equal Opportunities Ministry can be seen as an insider women's voice. Their demands saw a number of bills introduced in parliament, which, despite support from three leftist parties, were unsuccessful.

However, attempts to change the law continue in parliament. The Comitato has been one of Prostitutes Arezzo major women's voices in sex work debates in Italy, at least in comparison with the women's movement overall, and worked closely with Prostitutes Arezzo women's shelters.

Their position of minimum interference was shared Prostitutes Arezzo both the women's movement and the policy agencies. This has only been partially successful. A frequent target has been the provisions of the Merlin Law that punish those involved, of which Livia Turco was a prominent political Prostitutes Arezzo. Positioned against this cause has been the law-and-order agenda of both centre-left and centre-right coalitions.

Arezzo In regard to legal issues, feminists in general have supported the Merlin law, which banned brothels and regulation; and stood for decriminalization, with the exception of exploitation by third parties pimps. Prostitutes Arezzo, surveys consistently suggest that there is considerable public support for re-opening the case chiuse.

This debate occurred during meetings of a parliamentary commission into prostitution, where there were frequent references to Prostitutes Arezzo foreign prostitutes. Publicity around underage workers has been a persistent concern Prostitutes Italy as elsewhere, although in Italy it often appeared framed as homosexual molestation of male minors.

In Protsitutes inthe Case delle donne per non-subire Prostitutes Arezzo Comitato Arezzo, and MIT, a trans-sexual organization, Arezzo the city's co-ordinating committee on prostitution Prostitutes protest, believing that any repression worsened workers' working conditions. The Prostitutes Arezzo movement denounced prostitution. Prostitute Arezzo.


Prostitutes Arezzo	Arezzo	Tuscany	IT	6614
28.02.2001	21	23		DFTD	DFTD
03.12.2011	90	DFTD	85	55

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